Análise dos eventos adversos à doação de sangue e condutas de enfermagem adotadas.

Abstract

In the blood donation, despite all the care involved, some of the donors occasionally may presents a kind of adverse manifestation or unpleasant effects related to the blood collection. This epidemiological study, retrospective and with quantitative approach data, aimed to analyze the occurrence of adverse events related to the blood collection and the performance of a nurse team at a Regional Blood Center, in the State of Minas Gerais. It was approved by the Ethics Research Foundation Hemominas under Opinion nº322. Were analyzed 1369 chips donation and attendance of adverse reaction. The data collection instrument addressed sociodemographic, clinical, epidemiological, specific process of blood donation, clinical and nursing procedures adopted. To process and analyze the data, was used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. The qualitative variables was analyzed using descriptive statistics, while for quantitative variables, was used measures of centrality and dispersion. Was applied the Cramér coefficient (V) to verify the association between the types of adverse events and sociodemographic, clinical and specific donation process, as well to verify the association between adverse events and the conduct of nursing. The incidence rate of adverse events was 3%. The average body weight of donors who had adverse reactions was 71 kg; the pressure levels were normal, and the average pulse was 76.7 bpm. As for hematocrit, 42.2% had reference value between 41 and 45%, and 57.6% showed hemoglobin between 12.6 and 15.0 g/dL. There were a prevalence of adverse events in donors with a history of donations (50.4%), and average waiting time of 50.5 minutes, 7.2% reported being in fasting and 9.3% reported having already had some type of adverse reaction. The volume of blood collected ranged from 450 ± 45 ml (69.3%), and the time of donation was less than seven minutes (79.7%). The slight reaction was the most frequent type (92.6%), with the majority (85.9%) has occurred still within the collection room. The clinical manifestations most recurrent were malaise (51.3%), dizziness (42.7%), pallor (28.2%), and sweating (27.8%). There was no significant association between the types of adverse events and sociodemographic, clinical and specific donation process variables. The nursing procedures adopted were: the Trendelenburg position (96.2%), the measurement of vital signs (95.7%); supply of oral rehydration (82.5%) and the guidelines after donation (59.1%). It was noted a statistically significant (p <0.05) between the types of adverse events and nursing procedures: intravenous hydration, request medical evaluation, provision of oral rehydration; Trendelenburg positioning, elevation of extremities, medication administration, assessment vital signs, capillary glycemia test, and contact with the family. This study helped to reaffirm the importance of the nursing role before the occurrence of adverse events with blood donation. It is expected that, can subsidize the development of prospective studies with this population in order to evaluate the risk factors and designing new strategies to reduce adversity in blood donation.