Perfil da carga de treinamento e de diferentes níveis de competições em jovens atletas de ginástica acrobática do sexo feminino: um estudo de caso.

Abstract

Adaptations induced by sports training (ST) are provided by the internal load imposed on the organism, which can be quantified by means of heart rate (HR) and the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE). The objective of this research was to quantify the internal load of training sessions and competitions at different levels in young female acrobatic gymnastics (GACRO) athletes. Ten healthy gymnasts were selected for the research (12 ± 2 years, 39.0 ± 10.6 kg, 150.2 ± 14.4 cm, 15.1 ± 1.7% fat, 2.7 ± 1.5 Tanner stage) and, after being familiarized with the study procedures, were followed for 20 weeks of the season, with 99 training sessions (TS) and 3 competitive sessions (CS), (regional, state, national and international) being recorded. During the TS and CS, the athletes' internal load was monitored through the HR zones (5 zones) and session-RPE. The zones were determined from the HRpeak recorded in one of the two progressive protocols used in the British Columbia Children's Hospital Protocol (BCCH) and the Intermittent Yo-Yo Test level 2 (Yo-Yo – IR2). Data normality was guaranteed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and parametric tests were used: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Pearson's Correlation, Paired Student's T test and non-parametric tests: Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis test. Regarding the PSE-S, the results showed a wave pattern of oscillations; however, such variations were not remarkable to the point of reverberating in low values of monotony and stress in each training block. Furthermore, there was no difference in PSE-S between competitions. The total time in each of the HR zones did not differ over the weeks of training, but it was different when the competitions were compared, and in regional competitions the athletes spent more time in the series in zones 1 and 2 (Z1 - Regional = 20.2 ± 3.4%; State = 16.2 ± 1.8%; National = 11.0 ± 1.8%, p <0.001; Z2 - Regional = 35.6 ± 1.9%; State = 30.3 ± 4.0%; National = 25.0 ± 4.0%, p <0.001) and in national competitions they spent more time in the series in zones 4 and 5 (Z4 - Regional = 16.9 ± 2, 3%; State = 22.3 ± 2.2%; National = 25.6 ± 2.3%, p <0.001; Z5 - Regional = 3.6 ± 0.8%; State = 4.6 ± 1, 4%; National = 7.9 ± 1.0%, p <0.001). The International competition did not obtain data comparison as only two athletes participated in it. The present study demonstrated that the during the entire training season, athletes spend most of their time in the lowest HR intensity zones. Different characteristic of competitions, in which the more difficult the technical level and importance, the athletes stay longer in the highest intensity zones of the HR.