Influência de propriedades físicas dos objetos no alcance e na ação exploratória manual de crianças com baixa visão

Abstract

Cildren use vision and the tactile perception to explore the objects and the environment around them. In children with low vision, may exist an alteration in this exploration due to the decrease of the visual capacity, and tactile perception. To analyze the influence of the physical properties of the objects in range and in the manual exploratory action of children with low vision and normal vision from 1st to 3rd year of age. With the parental consent, participated in the study 11 children with the ophthalmologic diagnosis of low vision (3 in the group of 1 year old, 4 of 2 years old and 4 of 3 years old) and 18 children with normal vision being 6 children for each age (1, 2 and 3 years old). The children were evaluated only once in the Institutions. The materials used in the evaluation task were: six cubes, three small and three big, the pairs being with three types of stimulation: luminous, high black and white contrast and different textures. The entire test was filmed for the later analysis. The test happened in 2 phases: in Phase 1 the big cubes was offered to the child and in Phase 2, the small ones. Each cube was submitted to the child for 1 minute, with an intermission of 15 seconds between them. The range, uni and bimanual, and the manual exploratory actions like, sliding the hand or fingers on the object, bringing it to the mouth, hitting the object with one of the hands, hitting with the object, transfering it from hand, turning it on the hand, alternating between taking it to the mouth and looking at the object, shaking, smelling the object and feeling it were codified by frequency of occurrence. From the analysis of the collected data, it was found out that the children with low vision held a greater number of ranges (p=0,000) and a lower number of exploratory actions, than the group with normal vision (p=0,027). The experiments concerning the range and the manual exploratory action, in relation to the different cubes, shows that the big contrast cube, at 2 years old, was the most reached by the group of low vision (p=0,003) and the small contrast cube was the most explored by the normal vision group (p=0,003). With involved of 1 year old, there was a difference in range for the uni and bimanual big light cube in the group with normal vision (p=0,021), and the small texture cube in low vision (0,046); at 2 years old, the result was different: the big texture cube (0,021), the big contrast cube (p=0,018) and the big light cube (p=0,031) only for children of normal vision; at 3 years old, there was a difference in the big texture cube (0,003) and in the big contrast cube (p=0,011), for the normal vision group, and the big light cube both for the normal vision group (p=0,000) and for the low vision group (p=0,013). As for manual exploratory actions, it was found a difference only at age 3, in the action of hitting the object, this movement being realized more times by the group with low vision (p=0,042). The children with low vision reached more but explored less cubes, although they used the strategy semelhannte of children with normal vision to explorção manual.