Religiosidade/espiritualidade em casamentos de longa duração

Abstract

Long-term conjugality has been receiving increasingly attention in the scientific literature in terms of the motivations for maintaining the conjugal bond and the strategies developed by the spouses over time. Issues related to religiosity / spirituality (R/S) are present and indicate that higher R/S levels seem to reduce the possibility of divorce and facilitate marital functioning. However, there is a need to broaden the study of R/S in long-term marriages, as well as to understand the associations between marital satisfaction, spiritual well-being, subjective well-being, and religious-spiritual coping in this group. This dissertation is divided into three studies. In Study 1 an integrative review of the literature on long-term marriages was carried out at LILACS, PePSIC, SciELO and PsycINFO databases from January 2009 to June 2017. Twenty-two empirical articles were recovered, nine of them Brazilian. The literature showed that long-term marriages promote appreciation in the quality of life, conferred by the high level of marital satisfaction, affecting the physical and emotional health of the spouses. Sexual relations and love are considered essential dimensions for the maintenance of marriage and their absence is cause for marital conflict. Antagonisms tend to slow down over time, and it is important to create healthy coping strategies. Study 2, of qualitative character, aimed to investigate how R/S is perceived by long-term couples. We interviewed 32 married couples for at least 30 years, totaling 96 interviews conducted between 2011 and 2015 in cities in the interior of the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. It was observed that the R/S contributed to the durability of the marriage, since it was directly related to its maintenance over the years, being strongly mentioned both as an explanation for the linkage and evoked in moments of crises and the search for a re-signification of the relationship. Study 3, of a quantitative nature, aimed to evaluate and correlate levels of marital satisfaction, spiritual well-being, subjective well-being, religious-spiritual coping and religiosity in long-term couples. The sample consisted of 111 married people, at least 15 years old. The instruments used were the GRIMS Conjugal Satisfaction Scale, Spiritual Well-Being Scale, Life Satisfaction Scale, Positive and Negative Affective Scale-PANAS C-8, Religious-Spiritual Coping Scale, and Sociodemographic Questionnaire. Descriptive analyzes and calculated correlations between the measurements of the continuous variables of the instrument factors by the Spearman coefficient were performed. The dimensions of R/S (Religious-Spiritual Coping and Spiritual Well-being) have been associated with Subjective Well-Being. Conjugal Satisfaction correlated positively with Subjective Well-Being and R/S, evidencing that people with higher R / S tend to be more satisfied in marriage. In this way, R/S can help keep the marriage long-lasting, contributing to the quality of that relationship. As a general conclusion, R / S emerged in long-standing relationships as a possibility of meaningfulness to marital experience and marriage duration. Further studies are recommended in the area specifically addressing the dimension of marital satisfaction in long-term conjugality.

Este estudo teve por objetivo apresentar uma revisão integrativa da literatura acerca dos casamentos de longa duração. A revisão foi operacionalizada mediante consulta às bases LILACS, PePSIC, SciELO e PsycINFO, de janeiro de 2009 a junho de 2017, amparada na estratégia PICO. A pergunta norteadora foi: Como os casamentos de longa duração são abordados na literatura científica nacional e internacional? Foram recuperados 22 artigos empíricos, nove deles brasileiros. Os resultados indicam que os casamentos longevos promovem apreciação na qualidade de vida, conferida pelo elevado nível de satisfação conjugal, repercutindo na saúde física e emocional dos cônjuges. As relações sexuais e o amor são considerados dimensões essenciais para manutenção do matrimônio e sua ausência é motivo de conflito conjugal. Os antagonismos tendem a abrandar com o tempo, sendo importante criar estratégias saudáveis de enfrentamento. Além disso, em casais idosos, percebe-se uma necessidade acentuada de apoio social, que pode ser proporcionado pelo parceiro ou pela família.

This study aimed to present an integrative review of the literature on long term marriages. The review was operationalized through consultation with LILACS, PePSIC, SciELO and PsycINFO databases, from January 2009 to June 2017, supported by the PICO strategy. The guiding question was: How are long-term marriages addressed in national and international scientific literature? Twenty two empirical articles were recovered, nine of them Brazilian. The results indicate that long-term marriages promote appreciation in the quality of life, conferred by the high level of marital satisfaction, affecting the physical and emotional health of the spouses. Sexual relations and love are considered essential dimensions for the maintenance of marriage and their absence is cause for marital conflict. Antagonisms tend to slow down over time, and it is important to create healthy coping strategies. In addition, in elderly couples there is a marked need for social support, which can be provided by the partner or the family.

Este estudio tuvo por objetivo presentar una revisión integrativa de la literatura acerca de los matrimonios de larga duración. La revisión fue operativa mediante consulta a las bases LILACS, PePSIC, SciELO y PsycINFO, de enero de 2009 a junio de 2017, amparada en la estrategia PICO. La pregunta orientadora fue: ¿Cómo los matrimonios de larga duración se abordan en la literatura científica nacional e internacional? Se recuperaron 22 artículos empíricos, nueve de ellos brasileños. Las bodas longevas promueven la apreciación en la calidad de vida, conferida por el elevado nivel de satisfacción conyugal, repercutiendo en la salud física y emocional de los cónyuges. Las relaciones sexuales y el amor son consideradas dimensiones esenciales para el mantenimiento del matrimonio y su ausencia es motivo de conflicto conyugal. Los antagonismos tienden a ralentizarse con el tiempo, siendo importante crear estrategias sanas de enfrentamiento. Además, en parejas ancianas se percibe una necesidad acentuada de apoyo social, que puede ser proporcionado por el socio o por la familia.

Partindo do estudo da conjugalidade de longa duração, da religiosidade/espiritualidade (R/E) e da Psicologia Positiva, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar como a R/E é percebida e experienciada por casais de longa duração. Foram analisadas 96 entrevistas com 32 casais unidos, em média, havia 39,5 anos (DP=6,76), com média de idade de 64,1 anos (DP=13,26). A partir da análise de conteúdo, foram organizadas as seguintes categorias: (1) “Até que a morte nos separe”: a R/E como dimensão significativa para a manutenção e durabilidade do casamento; (2) R/E como estratégia de enfrentamento das dificuldades em casamentos longevos; (3) Aspectos da R/E nas concepções de casamento e família. Constatou-se que a R/E contribui para a durabilidade do casamento, uma vez que está relacionada diretamente com a sua manutenção durante os anos, sendo fortemente mencionada tanto como explicação para o enlace como evocada em momentos de crises e de busca de ressignificação do relacionamento.

Starting from the study of long-term conjugality, religiosity/spirituality (R/S) and Positive Psychology, this study aimed to investigate how R/E is perceived and experienced by long-term couples. A total of 96 interviews were analyzed with 32 couples married for an average of 39.5 years (SD = 6.76), and age average of 64.1 years (SD = 13.26). From the analysis of the content, the following categories were organized: (1) "Until death do us part": R/S as a significant dimension for the maintenance and durability of marriage; (2) R/S as a dealing with difficulties strategy in long-term marriages; (3) Aspects of R/S in conceptions of marriage and family. It was found that R/E contributes to the durability of marriage, since it is directly related to its maintenance over the years, being strongly mentioned both as an explanation for the link and evoked in moments of crises and the search for resignification of the relationship.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as associações entre as medidas da satisfação conjugal, bem-estar espiritual, bem-estar subjetivo e coping religioso-espiritual em casais longevos. A amostra foi composta por pessoas casadas (N = 111) havia, no mínimo, 15 anos (M= 26,05; DP=7,47). Os instrumentos empregados foram Escala de Satisfação Conjugal-GRIMS, Escala de Bem-Estar Espiritual, Escala de Satisfação de Vida, Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos-PANAS C-8, Escala de Coping Religioso-Espiritual e Questionário Sociodemográfico. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e calculadas correlações entre as medidas das variáveis contínuas dos fatores dos instrumentos pelo coeficiente de Spearman. A dimensão Coping religioso-espiritual correlacionou-se significativamente com as medidas de Bem-estar Subjetivo e Bem-estar Espiritual, evidenciando que a religiosidade/espiritualidade (R/E) faz parte da noção de bem-estar. A escala de Satisfação Conjugal se correlacionou negativamente com medidas de Bem-estar Subjetivo e R/E, evidenciando que pessoas com maiores níveis de R/E e bem-estar tendem a ter menos problemas conjugais e mais satisfação com seus casamentos. Dessa maneira, a R/E pode ajudar a manter o casamento longevo, estando associada à satisfação e qualidade conjugal.

The objective of this study was to evaluate how to measure the relation between conjugal integration, spiritual well-being, well-being and religious-spiritual coping in long-lived couples. The sample was collected from married people (n = 111), at least 15 years old (M = 26.05, SD = 7.47). The instruments were the GRIMS Conjugal Satisfaction Scale, Spiritual Well-Being Scale, Life Satisfaction Scale, Positive and Negative Affective Scales - PANAS C-8, Religious-Spiritual Scale of Scale, and Sociodemographic Questionnaire. The descriptive and calculated measures were performed between the measures of the continuous variables of the factor of the instruments by the Spearman coefficient. The religious-spiritual Coping dimension correlates with the significance of a sign of sub-sign, as well as a spirit of religion, which makes a religiosity/spirituality (R/S) and forms part of the notion of well-being. The Conjugal Satisfaction Scale is negatively correlated with Subjective Well-Being and R / S, evidencing that people with higher levels of R/S and well-being tend to present more conjugated and more satisfactory problems with their marriages. Thus, an R/S can help the long-lived marriage, being associated with satisfaction and marital quality.