Equações algébricas: do Papiro de Ahmes até Évariste Galois.

Abstract

This work aims to study algebraic equations and the solving formulas of the equations of degree 1 to 4. We seek to make a historical-mathematical rescue of some important personages in the development of resolutive formulas, such as: Ahmes, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara, Al-Khwarizmi, del Ferro, Tartaglia, Cardano, Ferrari, Lagrange, Ruffini, Abel and Galois. In addition to the historical rescue of the radical solution of equations from degree one to four, we develop each formula and its applicability in examples. We also present some didactic-pedagogical suggestions on equations of degree 1 and 2, which can be used by a teacher in his classes, aiming at a better learning for the students. This work ends with the young geniuses Abel and Galois, whose publications contributed to show that, in general, equations with a degree greater than or equal to five cannot be solved by radicals.